Links to Related Sites

Clariana, R. B. (2003). KU-Mapper software allows participants to complete three activites, a traditional Pathfinder rating task, an abbreviated rating task, and a sorting task. Then the software outputs proximity files (prx) that can be analyzed by PCKNOT. KU-Mapper is available online at: http://www.personal.psu.edu/rbc4/KUmapper.htm

Clariana, R. B. (2004). ALA-Reader software translates written text directly into proximity files (prx) that can be analyzed by PCKNOT. ALA-Reader is available online at: http://www.personal.psu.edu/rbc4/score.htm

Pathfinder References

The following references provide examples of research and applications using Pathfinder Networks. If you have a reference you would like to have added to the list, please email it to us at: interlin@interlinkinc.net

Acton, Johnson, P., & Goldsmith, T. (1994). Structural knowledge assessment: Comparison of rreferent structures. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(2), 303-311.

Anderson, M. P., McDonald, J. E., and Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1987). Empirical user modeling: Command usage and task analyses for deriving models of users. Paper presented at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, New York , October.

Annaiyappa, P. K., Dearholt, D. W., Johansen, L. S., McDonald, J. E., Paap, K. R., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1991). Information retrieval comparing key word search to spreading activation: Application to the Aviation Safety Reporting System. Interactive poster presented at CHI '91, New Orleans , April/May.

Branaghan, R., & Schvaneveldt, R. (1988). Prediction of paired-associate learning using multidimensional scaling and the pathfinder algorithm. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, Snowbird, Utah , April.

Branaghan, R., McDonald, J., & Schvaneveldt, R. (1991). Identifying high-level UNIX tasks. SIGCHI Bulletin, 23, 73-74.

Branaghan, R., McDonald, J., & Schvaneveldt, R. (1991). Identifying tasks from protocol data. Paper presented at CHI '91, New Orleans , May.

Carroll, J. D. (1995). “Minmax length links” of a dissimilarity matrix and minimum spanning trees. Psychometrika, 60(3), 371-374.

Clariana, R.B., & Koul, R. (2008). The effects of learner prior knowledge when creating concept maps from a text passage. International Journal of Instructional Media, 35 (2), 177-184. link

Clariana, R.B., & Marker, A. (2007). Generating topic headings during reading of screen-based text facilitates learning of structural knowledge and impairs learning of lower-level knowledge. Journal of Educational Computing Research , 37 (2), 173-191.

Clariana, R.B., & Taricani, E. M. (in press). The consequences of increasing the number of terms used to score open-ended concept maps. International Journal of Instructional Media, 37 (2), in press. link

Clariana, R.B., & Wallace, P. E. (2007). A computer-based approach for deriving and measuring individual and team knowledge structure from essay questions. Journal of Educational Computing Research , 37 (3), 209-225.

Clariana, R.B., & Wallace, P. E. (in press). A comparison of pair-wise, list-wise, and clustering approaches for eliciting structural knowledge . International Journal of Instructional Media , 36 (3), in press. link

Clariana, R.B., Koul, R., & Salehi, R. (2006). The criterion-related validity of a computer-based approach for scoring concept maps. International Journal of Instructional Media , 33 (3), 317-325.

Cooke, N. J. (1992). Predicting judgment time from measures of psychological proximity . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 18, 640-653..

Cooke, N. J. (1994). Varieties of knowledge elicitation techniques. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies , 41, 801-849.

Cooke, N. M. & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1986). The evolution of cognitive networks with computer programming experience. Paper presented at the workshop on Empirical Studies of Programmers, Washington, D. C., June.

Cooke, N. M. & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1987). The application of empirically derived semantic networks to knowledge engineering. In F. Durso (chair), Knowledge structures: What are they good for? Paper presented at the meetings of the Southwestern Psychological Association, New Orleans , April.

Cooke, N. M., & McDonald, J. E. (1986). A formal methodology for acquiring and representing expert knowledge. Proceedings of the IEEE, 110, 1422-1430.

Cooke, N. M., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1988). Effects of computer programming experience on network representations of abstract programming concepts. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 29, 407-427.

Cooke, N. M., Durso, F. T., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1985). Measures of Memory Organization and Recall. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-85-11, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University .

Cooke, N. M., Durso, F. T., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1986). Recall and measures of memory organization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 12, 538-549.

Davis, F. D., & Yi, M. Y. (2004). Improving computer skill training: Behavior modeling, symbolic mental rehearsal, and the role of knowledge structures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 509-523.

Dearholt, D. W., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1990). Properties of pathfinder networks. In R. Schvaneveldt (Ed .), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization . (pp. 1-30). Norwood , NJ : Ablex.

Dearholt, D. W., Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Durso, F. T. (1985). Properties of Networks Based on Proximities. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-85-14, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University .

Durso, F. T., Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Goldsmith, T. E. (1983). Empirical networks of natural categories. Paper presented at the meetings of the Southwestern Psychological Association, San Antonio , April.

Geer, J. H. (1996). Gender Differences in the Organization of Sexual Information. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25(1), 91-107.

Gillan, D. J., Breedin, S. D., & Cooke, N. M. (1992). Network and multidimensional representations of the declarative knowledge of human-computer interface design experts . International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , 36, 587-615.

Goldsmith, T., Johnson, P. & Acton (1991). Assessing structural knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83(4), 88-96.

Goldsmith, T., & Schvaneveldt, R. (1988). Modeling expertise in air combat maneuvering. Paper presented at the 11th Biennial Psychology in the Department of Defense Symposium, U. S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, April.

Gomez, R. L., (1993). An empirical evaluation of association networks as memory and information retrieval aids. Memoranda in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-93-269. New Mexico State University , Las Cruces .

Gomez, R. L., (1993). Pedagogical knowledge structures in prospective teachers. ERIC Clearinghouse on Teacher Education, Resources in Education, Report No. ED351307.

Gomez, R. L., Hadfield, O. D., & Housner, L. D. (1996). Conceptual maps and simulated teaching episodes as indicators of competence in teaching elementary mathematics. Journal of Educational Psychology, 88, 572-585.

Gomez, R. L., Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Staudenmayer, H. (1994). Assessing beliefs about “Multiple Chemical Sensitivity.” Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association, Las Vegas , April.

Gomez, R. L., Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Staudenmayer, H. (1996). Assessing beliefs about 'environmental illness/multiple chemical sensitivity'. Journal of Health Psychology., 1(1), 107-123.

Gomez, R. L., Thompson, L. A., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1993). How children organize their knowledge of everyday events: Exploring the generality of event representations. Poster presented at the meetings of the Society for Research in Child Development, New Orleans , March.

Gonzalvo, P., Canas, J., & Bajo, M. T. (1994). Structural representations in knowledge acquisition. Journal of Educational Psychology , 86(4), 601-616.

Housner, L. D., Gomez, R. L., & Griffey, D. C. (1993). A Pathfinder analysis of expert-novice knowledge. Proceedings of the Meeting on the National American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 64, Supplement, A-88 - A-89.

Housner, L. D., Gomez, R. L., & Griffey, D. C. (1993). A Pathfinder analysis of pedagogical knowledge structures: A follow-up investigation. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64(3), 291-299.

Housner, L. D., Gomez, R. L., & Griffey, D. C. (1993). Pedagogical knowledge growth in prospective teachers: Relationships to performance in a teaching methodology course . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64(2), 167-177.

Johnson, P., Goldsmith, T. & Teague (1994). Locus of the predictive advantage in Pathfinder-based representations of classroom knowledge. Journal of Educational Psychology , 86(4), 617-626.

Jonassen, D. H., Beissner, K., & Yacci, M. (1993 ). Structural knowledge: Techniques for representing, conveying, and acquiring structural knowledge. Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum.

Knoebel, A., Dearholt, D., & Schvaneveldt, R. (1988). Empty nexus graphs. Paper presented at the American Mathematical Society meetings, Las Cruces , NM , April.

Manguno, G. M. & Geer, J. H. (In press). The Organization of Sexual Information in Heterosexual and Homosexual Individuals. Sex Roles.

McCain, K. W. (1995). The structure of biotechnology R & D. Scientometrics , 32, 153-175.

McDonald, J. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1988). The application of user knowledge to interface design. In R. Guindon (Ed.), Cognitive Science and Its Applications for Human-Computer Interaction , Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum.

McDonald, J. E., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1993). Information retrieval using associative networks: A natural-intelligence approach. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-93-265, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University .

McDonald, J. E., Dearholt, D. W., Paap, K. R., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1986). A formal interface design methodology based on user knowledge. Proceedings of CHI '86, 285-290.

McDonald, J. E., Plate, T. A., & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1990). Using Pathfinder to extract semantic information from text. In R. Schvaneveldt (Ed.), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization. (pp. 149-164). Norwood , NJ : Ablex.

McDonald, J., Dearholt, D., Paap, K., & Schvaneveldt, R. (1986). A formal interface design methodology based on user knowledge. CHI '86, Boston , May.

McGaghie, W. C., Boerger, R. L., McCrimmon, D. R., & Ravitch, M. M. (1996). Learning pulmonary physiology: Comparison of student and faculty knowledge structures . Academic Medicine , 71 (Jan.), s13-s15.

McGreevy, M. W. (1995). A Relational Metric, Its Application to Domain Analysis and an Example Analysis and Model of a Remote Sensing Domain. NASA TM-110358. Ames Research Center , Moffett Field, California.(61 pages)

Poindexter, M. T., & Clariana, R.B. (2006). The influence of relational and proposition-specific processing on structural knowledge and traditional learning outcomes . International Journal of Instructional Media , 33 (2), 177-184.

Rowe, A. L., Cooke, N. J., Hall, E. P., & Halgren, T. L. (1996). Toward an on-line knowledge assessment methodology: Building on the relationship between knowing and doing . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , 2(1), 31-47.

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1989). Proximities, Networks, and Schemata. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-89-149, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University .

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1982). Structures of memory for critical flight information. Paper presented at the Review of Air Force Sponsored Basic Research, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, Sarasota , Florida .

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1985). Empirically derived networks. Paper presented at a symposium, F. Durso (Chair), Human Expertise: Papers in Honor of William Chase. Meetings of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Austin, April.

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1987). Proximities and schemata. Invited paper presented at the symposium: Recent Advances in Experimental Cognitive Psychology, Rocky Mountain Psychological Association Meetings, Albuquerque, April.

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1987). Proximities, networks, and schemata. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Psychonomic Society Meetings, Seattle , November.

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1988). Knowledge networks. Paper presented at the Centennial Symposium of the Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin , September.

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1988). Proximities, networks, and schemata. Paper presented at the Workshop on High-Level Connectionism, Las Cruces , NM , April.

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1989) Assessing and using associative knowledge. Invited address presented at the 97th Annual American Psychological Association Convention, New Orleans , August.

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1989). Pathfinder: Networks from proximity data. Paper presented at the 14th Annual Interdisciplinary Conference, Jackson Hole , Wyoming , January.

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1990). Proximities, networks, and schemata. In R. Schvaneveldt (Ed .), Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization. (pp. 135-148). Norwood , NJ : Ablex.

Schvaneveldt, R. W. (Editor) (1990). Pathfinder associative networks: Studies in knowledge organization. Norwood , NJ : Ablex.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Durso, F. T. (1981). General semantic networks. Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Psychonomic Society, Philadelphia .

Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Gomez, R. L. (1993). A statistical basis for comparing networks. Paper presented at the Second Workshop on Proximity Graphs, Starkville , MS , February.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Gomez, R. L. (1993). Assessing similarity of associative knowledge. Invited address presented at the joint annual meetings of the Rocky Mountain Psychological Association and the Western Psychological Association, Phoenix , April.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., & Gomez, R. L. (1993). Comparison and similarity of Pathfinder networks: A statistical view of graph similarity. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Proximity Graphs, Technical Report No. MSU-930210, Mississippi State University , Starkville , MS .

Schvaneveldt, R. W., & McDonald, J. E. (1990) Extracting semantic constraints from co-occurrence of lexical units. Paper presented at the Southwest Cognition Conference. San Antonio , TX , May.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., & McDonald, J. E. (1990) Extracting semantic constraints from co-occurrence of lexical units. Colloquium presented in the Arizona State University Colloquium Series, “Approaches to the Lexicon.” Tempe , AZ , March.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., & McDonald, J. E. (1992) An information retrieval system based on text proximities. Paper presented at the Third Annual Winter Text Conference, Jackson , Wyoming , January.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Anderson, M., Breen, T. J., Cooke, N. M., Goldsmith, T. E., Durso, F. T., DeMaio, J. C., & Tucker, R. G. (1983). Conceptual Structures in Fighter Pilots. AFHRL-TP-83-2, Flying Training Division, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Anderson, M., Breen, T. J., Cooke, N. M., Goldsmith, T. E., Durso, F. T., DeMaio, J. C., & Tucker, R. G. (1985). Measuring the Structure of Expertise. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-85-32, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University .

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Dearholt, D. W., & Durso, F. T. (1986). Proximity data and networks: Foundations of the pathfinder algorithm. Paper presented at the Second New Mexico Symposium on Applications of Graph Theory in Computer Science. Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University , November.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Dearholt, D. W., & Durso, F. T. (1988). Graph theoretic foundations of Pathfinder networks . Computers and Mathematics with Applications , 15, 337-345.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Durso, F. T., & Dearholt, D. W. (1985). Pathfinder: Scaling with Network Structures. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-85-9, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University .

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Durso, F. T., & Dearholt, D. W. (1987). Pathfinder: Networks from Proximity Data. Memorandum in Computer and Cognitive Science, MCCS-87-90, Computing Research Laboratory, New Mexico State University .

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Durso, F. T., & Dearholt, D. W. (1989). Network structures in proximity data. In G. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, Vol. 24 (pp. 249-284). New York : Academic Press.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Durso, F. T., Goldsmith, T. E., Breen, T. J., Cooke, N. M., Tucker, R. G., & DeMaio, J. C. (1984). Cognitive Organization as a Function of Flying Experience. AFHRL-TP-83-64, Flying Training Division, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Durso, F. T., Goldsmith, T. E., Breen, T. J., Cooke, N. M., Tucker, R. G., & DeMaio, J. C. (1985). Measuring the structure of expertise. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies , 23, 699-728.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Euston, D. R., Sward, D. S., & Van Heuvelen, A. (1992). Physics expertise and the perception of physics problems. Paper presented at the 33rd Annual Psychonomic Society Meetings, St. Louis , November.

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Goldsmith, T. E., & Durso, F. T. (1982). Structures of memory for critical flight information. Paper presented at the Eighth Symposium on Psychology in the DoD, Colorado Springs .

Schvaneveldt, R. W., Goldsmith, T. E., Durso, F. T., Maxwell, K., Acosta, H. M., & Tucker, R. G. (1982). Structures of Memory for Critical Flight Information. AFHRL-TP-81-46, Flying Training Division, Air Force Human Resources Laboratory.

Schvaneveldt, R., Euston, D., & Sward, D. (1992). Knowledge and proximity judgments: Selecting the stimulus set. Paper presented at a Symposium,, F. Durso, Chair, "Empirical Epistemology." 38th Annual Convention of the Southwestern Psychological Association, Austin , TX , April.

Snyder, K., Paap, K., Lewis, J., Rotella, J., Happ, A., Malcus, L., & Dyck, J. (1985). Using cognitive networks to create menus. IBM Technical Report No. TR 54.405, Boca Raton , FL.

Staudenmayer, H., Gomez, R., & Schvaneveldt, R. (1993). Multiple chemical sensitivity and beliefs. Poster presented at the Annual Aspen Allergy Conference, Aspen , CO , July.

Stout, R. J. (1995). Planning effects on communication strategies: A shared mental models perspective. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39th Annual Meeting, Santa Monica , CA , 1278-1282.

Taricani, E. M. & Clariana, R.B. (2006). A technique for automatically scoring open-ended concept maps. Educational Technology Research and Development , 54, 61-78.

White, H.D. (2003). Pathfinder network and author cocitation analysis: a remapping of paradigmatic information scientists. JASIST , 54(5):423-434.